Carbon equivalents

Formulas

CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15

PCM = C + Si/30 + (Mn + Cu + Cr)/20 + Ni/60 + Mo/15 + V/10 + 5B

CET = C + (Mn + Mo)/10 + (Cr + Cu)/20 + Ni/40

CEN = C + A(C) · [Si/24 + Mn/6 + Cu/15 + Ni/20 + (Cr + Mo + Nb + V)/5 + 5B]

A(C) = 0.75 + 0.25 · tanh[20 · (C − 0.12)]

Calculation rules

• Weldability rating by CE (indicative scale – not defined by a standard; preheat is determined e.g. per EN 1011-2): ≤ 0.35 excellent · ≤ 0.40 very good · ≤ 0.45 good · ≤ 0.50 moderate · above 0.50 poor.
• Carbon content C is required. Other elements left empty are taken as 0% – the calculator lists which elements were not entered.
• Min–max range: CE for the minimum and maximum composition, the difference Δ and the weldability rating for both limits.
• CEN is calculated with the Yurioka formula including the A(C) function.
• Rounding: 3 decimal places.